Major Dates of Islamic History

Birth of the Prophet Muhammed 570 A.D.

The Seljuqs 137-1300

First verses of the Noble Quran revealed 609

Saladin's Conquest of Jeruslem 1187

Prophet's migration form Makkah to Madinah 

(hijrah), beginning of Islamic calender 622

The Mamluks 1252-1517

Death of the Prophet 632

The Mongol Conquest of Baghdad 1258

The "Rightly Guided" Caliphs 632-661

The Ottomans 1299-1924

The Umayyads 661-750

The Timurids 1369-1500

The Abbasids 750-1258

Conquest of Constantinople 1453

The Spanish Umayyads 756-1031

The Fall of Granada 1492

The Fatimids 909-1171

The Safavids 1502-1736

 شهرمحرم الله الحرام

eqgjZeqy&gjke dk eghuk

eqgjZeqy&gjke dk eghuk fgtzh&o"kZ &bLykeh tU=h& dk izFke eghuk rFkk mu pkj eghuksa esa ls ,d gS ftUgsa vYykg rvkyk us gqeZr o vnc &lEeku ,ao izfr"Bk& okys eghus ?kksf"kr fd, gSaA bl eghus ls lacaf/kr tks fof'k"V dk;Z uch lYyYykgq vySfg o lYye ls izekf.kr gS og bldh nloha rkjh[k &vk'kwjk ds fnu& jkst+k j[kuk gSA rFkk ;gwfn;ksa dk fojks/k djrs gq, vk'kwjk ds fnu ds lkFk&lkFk mlds ,d fnu igys ¼vFkZkr 9 eqgjZe½ ;k mlds ,d fnu ckn ¼vFkZkr 11 eqgjZe dks½ Hkh jkst+k j[kuk eqLrgc ¼Js"B½ gSA vk'kwjk dk jkst+k fiNys ,d o"kZ ds xqukgksa dk d¶+Q+kjk gksxkA

jkst+s ds vfrfjDr bl eghus dh Qt+hyr ;k bl esa fdlh fof'k"V dk;Z ds fo"k; esa iSx+Ecj lYyYykgq vySfg o lYye ls dksbZ Hkh pht+ izekf.kr ugha gS] u rks vki ds dFku ls u vki ds deZ ls] vkSj u gh vki ds lgkck jft+;Yykgq vUgqe ds deZ ls vkSj u gh muds ckn rkcbZu rFkk muds ckn vkus okys /keZ&'kkfL=;ksa vkSj bekeksa lsA

eqgjZe ds eghus ls u;s o"kZ dk vkjEHk gksrk gS] gksuk rks ;g pkfg, fd bl ls eqlyekuksa esa thou dh u;h ygj nkSM+ tk,] dk;Z dk u;k mRlkg vkSj meax iSnk gks vkSj 'kfDr o LQwfrZ dk u;k ,glkl tkx mBsA

fdUrq gksrk D;k gS\ bl ds fcYdqy foijhr ukyk o 'ksou ¼ph[k vkSj jksus&/kksus½ dh Hk;kud vkokt+ksa ls okrkoj.k lksxokj vkSj ukSgk o ekre dh cSBdksa ls dk;Z&'kfDr u"V gks tkrh gSA

bl eghus dh gqeZr vkSj lEeku dks Hkax dj ds u;s o"kZ dk vkjEHk vYykg dh voKk] fQLd+ o Qqtwj] iki] nqjkpkj vkSj xqukgksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

vk'kwjk ds fnu jkst+k j[kuk rks nwj dh ckr ml esa fcnvkr o [k+qjkQkr vkSj dqizFkk ,ao dqjhfr dk og rwQku mBk;k tkrk gS fd vYykg dh iukgA

bl eghus esa 'kh;k yksx tks dqN Hkh djrs gSa] bl esa dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha] D;ksafd ;gh mudk /keZ vkSj J)k gSA tcfd ;g vR;Ur Li"V ckr gS fd ftl izdkj ;g yksx ukSgk o ekre dh egfQySa laxfBr djrs gSa ;g lc x<+h gqbZ pht+Sa gSa vkSj bLykeh 'kjhvr ds fo:) gSa] bLyke rks okLro esa bUgha pht+ks dks feVkus ds fy, vk;k gSA

fdUrq [ksn dh ckr ;g gS fd vgys lqUur dgykus okys cgqr ls yksx nhu dh f'k{kkvksa ls vufHkK gksus ds dkj.k bl eghus esa cgqr ls ,sls dke djrs gSa ftu ls 'kh;kas dh geuokbZ gksrh gS vkSj muds vlR; /keZ dks c<+kok feyrk gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i%

8       gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq dh 'kgknr ds ?kVus dks vfr'k;ksfDr ds lkFk vkSj c<+k p<+k dj c;ku djukA

8       bl ?kVuk ds mYys[k esa dqN egku lgkck dks Hkh ykur djus ls u pwdukA

8       10 eqgjZe dks rkft+;k fudkyuk] mldk lEeku djuk] mlds vkxs flj fugksM+uk] ml ls eUur ekaxuk] ikuh dh lchySa yxkuk] vius cPpksa dks gjs jax ds diM+s iguk dj mUgsa gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq dk Qd+hj cukukA

8       rkft+;ksa vkSj ekre ds tqywl esa cM+s /kwe&/kke ls Hkkx ysukA

8       eqgjZe ds eghus dks lksx dk eghuk le> dj bl esa 'kkfn;k¡ u djukA

;g vkSj bl izdkj dh vU; pht+sa lqUuh yksx Hkh 'kh;ksa dh geuokbZ esa djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA

bl esa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd ;g lkjh pht+sa fcn~vr vkSj iFk&Hkz"Brk gSa] D;ksafd ;g bLyke dh LoPN vkSj fueZy f'k{kkvksa ds vR;Ur fo:) gSa tks dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa ckn ,d ckfry fQd+Zs ds }kjk vfo"dkj dh xbZ gSa] vkSj lqfUu;ksa ds bLyke /keZ ls vufHkK vkSj nhu ds nq'euksa dh pkyksa ls vpsr gksus ds dkj.k muds ?kjksa esa Hkh ?kql vkbZ gSa vkSj og cM+h J)k vkSj vkLFkk ds lkFk bu ls fpids gq, gSa] vkSj og ;g le>rs gSa fd cgqr vPNk dk;Z dj jgs gSaA ;fn dksbZ mUgsa bl ij Vksdrk vkSj le>kus dk iz;kl djrk gS rks mls vkys&cSr dk nq'eu ?kksf"kr dj ds viuh lUrqf"V dj ysrs gSaA

,slh xaHkhj fLFkfr esa iz;kl ;g gS fd lqUuh HkkbZ;ksa dh lsok esa eqgjZeqy&gjke ds eghus dh vly gd+hd+r dks is'k fd;k tk,] bl vk'kk ds lkFk fd 'kk;n fdlh fny esa gekjh ckr mrj tk, vkSj og rkSck dj ds lh/ks ekxZ ij vk tk,A

+      lkekU;r% bl eghus dks yksx gqlSu jft+;Yykg vUgq dh 'kgknr ds ?kVus ls tkurs gSa tks uch lYyYykgq vySfg o lYye dh e`R;q ds yx Hkx v/kZ 'krkCnh ds i'pkr 61 fgtzh esa 10 eqgjZe ds fnu ?kfVr gqvk] tcfd bLyke /keZ uch lYyYykgq vySfg o lYye ds thou gh esa lEiw.kZ gks pqdk FkkA vr% /kkfeZd n`f"V dks.k ls bl ?kVus dk dksbZ egRo ugha gS] vkSj mudh 'kgknr dks bl eghus dh gqeZr ls tksM+uk fcYdqy x+yr gSA D;kasfd fdlh dh 'kgknr dk ekre vkSj lksx djuk] mldh cjlh vkSj ;knxkj eukuk bLyke esa oS/k dk;Z gksrk] ;k mldk dksbZ /kkfeZd egRo gksrk & rks bLykeh bfrgkl esa bl ls Hkh dgha c<+ dj 'kgknrksa ds is'k vkus okys egku ?kVus bl ckr ds vf/kd ;ksX; Fks fd mudk ekre fd;k tkrk vkSj eqlyeku mudh ;knxkj eukrsA 'kgknrs gqlSu ls igys blh eghus dh igyh rkjh[k dks nwljs [k+yhQk veh:y&eksfeuhu mej Qk:d+ jft+;Yykgq vUgq dh 'kgknr dh ?kVuk ?kVhA lu~ 35 fgtzh esa 18 t+qy&fgTtk dks rhljs [+kyhQk veh:y&eksfeuhu mleku x+uh jft+;Yykgq vUgq csnnhZ ls 'kghn dj fn;s x;sA ysfdu lgkck jft+;Yykgq vUgqe vkSj muds ckn vkus okys eqlyekuksa us bu esa ls fdlh dk ekre vkSj lksx rFkk ;knxkj vkSj cjlh ugha euk;hA vxj ,slk djuk oS/k gksrk rks eqlyeku bu nksuksa 'kgknrksa ij ftruk Hkh ekre djrs] og de gksrkA fdUrq bLyke esa bldh vuqefr ugha gS] cfYd bLyke us bl ukSgk o ekre dks tkfgfy;r ds dke ?kksf"kr fd, gSa ftudks bLyke feVkus ds fy, gh vk;k gSA

+      gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq dh 'kgknr ds dkj.k 'kSrku dks yksxksa dks HkVdkus vkSj eqlyekuksa ds chp fQRuk QSykus dk volj izkIr gks x;kA pquk¡ps dqN yksx vk'kwjk ds fnu [kq'kh eukrs gSa tSlk fd ukflch yksx djrs Fks ftudk vxqok gTtkt fcu ;wlqQ vl&ld+~Qh FkkA blds foijhr dqN yksx muds ckjs esas x+qyw ds f'kdkj gks x;s ftudk vxqok eq[rkj fcu mcSn FkkA ;g yksx vk'kwjk ds fnu ukSgk o ekre djrs gSa] eq¡g ihVrs] jksrs fpYykrs] Hkw[ks fi;kls jgrs gSa] ;gh ugha cfYd iwoZtksa vkSj lgkck jft+;Yykgq vUgqe dks xkfy;k¡ nsrs vkSj mu ij ykur Hkstrs gSa] vkSj mu funksZ"kksa dks Hkh yisV ysrs gSa ftudk 'kgknr ds ?kVus ls fudV ;k nwj dk dksbZ laca/k ugha gSA 'kgknr ds ?kVus dk mYys[k bl izdkj djrs gSa xks;k fd ;g gd+ vkSj ckfry ;k bLyke vkSj dqQz dh yM+kbZ Fkh!!

;g jokfQt+ &f'k;ksa& dh vkbZfM;kyksth gS] ftl ds rky esa vf/kdka'k lqUuh Hkh lqj feykrs gq, vius Hkk"k.kksa vkSj vkys[kksa esa ;g ckoj djkrs gSa fd bLykeh bfrgkl esa gd+ ,ao ckfry dh ;g lc ls cM+h yM+kbZ Fkh! vkSj gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq us bLyke dks cpkus ds fy, tku dh ckt+h yxk nh!

;s yksx D;k ;g ugha lksprs fd ;fn ,slk gh gksrk rks ml le; tcfd lgkck jft+;Yykgq vUgqe dh ,d vPNh la[;k mifLFkr Fkh vkSj muls f'k{kk izkIr rkcbZu vf/kdkf/kd Fks] bl yM+kbZ esa gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq gh vdsys D;ksa fudyrs\ D;k ;g LkEHko gS fd gd+ ,ao ckfry vkSj bLyke ,ao dqQz dh yM+kbZ gks vkSj lgkck o rkcbZu ml ls vyx jgsa\!!! cfYd gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq dks Hkh ml ls jksdsa\!!!

'kh;kas dh vkbZfM;kyksth rks ;gh gS fd ¼vYykg dh iukg½ lgkck jft+;Yykgq vUgqe dkfQj] eqrZn vkSj equkfQd+ Fks] og ;gh dgsa xs fd ;g dqQz ,ao bLyke dh tax Fkh] ftl esa ,d vksj gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq Fks vkSj nwljh vksj lgkck lesr ;t+hn vkSj muds leFkZd] lgkck o rkcbZu bl tax esa ewd n'kZd cus jgs!

fdUrq D;k vgys lqUur bl n`f"V dks.k dks Lohdkj dj ysa xs\

D;k lgkck uÅt+ks&fcYykg csx+Sjr Fks\ mu esa nhu dks cpkus dk mRlkg ugha Fkk\

fu%lUnsg dksbZ vgys&lqUur lgkck ds fo"k; esa ;g n`f"V ugha j[krk] fdUrq ;g cM+k gh dM+ok lPp gS fd vgys lqUur 'kgknrs gqlSu dk QYlQk c;ku djus esa 'kh;ksa dk gh fo'ks"k jkx vykirs gSaA

okLrfodrk ;g gS fd dcZyk ds ?kVus dks gd+ ,ao ckfry dh yM+kbZ ckoj djkus ls mu lEekfur lgkck ds O;fDrRo ij /kCck yxrk gS ftUgksa us vYykg dh ckr dks loksZPp djus ds fy, vkthou la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj ftudh ryokjsa ckfry dks feVkus ds fy, lnSo uaxh jgrh FkhaA

njvly ;g eqBHksM+ ,d jktuhfrd :i dk Fkk ftls /kkfeZd jax esa jax fn;k x;k gS] bl dks le>us ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa ij x+kSj djsa%

1-  dcZyk ds ?kVuk ls lacaf/kr lHkh bfrgklksa esa mfYyf[kr gS fd gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq dwQk dh vksj jokuk gksus yxs rks muds lacaf/k;ksa vkSj 'kqHk fpardksa us mUgsa jksdus dk iwjk iz;kl fd;k vkSj bl bd+nke ds Hk;kud ifj.kke ls lko/kku fd;kA mu esa vCnqYykg fcu mej] vcw lbZn [k+qnzh] vcqn~&nnZk] vcw okfd+n vy&ySlh] tkfcj fcu vCnqYykg] vCnqYykg fcu vCckl vkSj gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgqe ds HkkbZ eqgEen fcu vy&gufQ¸;g izeq[k gSaA fQj Hkh vki u :ds vkSj u vki ds dwQk tkus ds ladYi esa dqN cnyko gh vk;kA bl ij vCnqYykg fcu vCckl jft+;Yykgq vUgqek us le>krs gq, dgk% ^^;fn vki dks vo'; gh tkuk gS rks vius cPpksa vkSj viuh fL=;ksa dks er ys tk;sas] blfy, fd vYykg dh d+le! eq>s Hk; gS fd vki mlh izdkj d+Ry u dj fn, tk,a tSls mleku jft+;Yykgq vUgq d+Ry dj fn, x, vkSj mudh fL=;k¡ vkSj muds cPps mu dks ns[krs gh jg x,A**

njvly gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq ds lkeus ;g ckr Fkh fd dwQk okys mu dks fujarj dwQk vkus dk fueU=.k ns jgs gSa] vr% ogk¡ tkuk ykHknk;d gh jgs xkA

2- ;g Hkh lHkh bfrgklksa esa vkrk gS fd vHkh vki jkLrs gh esa Fks fd vki dks lwpuk feyh fd dwQk esa vki ds ppsjs HkkbZ eqfLye fcu vd+hy 'kghn dj fn;s x, ftu dks vki us dwQk ds gkykr dh tkudkjh djus ds fy, gh Hkstk FkkA bl [ksntud lwpuk ls vki dk dwQk okyksa ij ls Hkjkslk mB x;k vkSj vki us okilh dh bPNk izdV dh] fdUrq eqfLye fcu vd+hy ds HkkbZ;ksa us ;g dg dj okil gksus ls bUdkj dj fn;k fd ge rks vius HkkbZ eqfLye dk cnyk ysa xs ;k Lo;a Hkh ej tk,a xsA bl ij gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq us dgk% ^^eSa Hkh rqEgkjs fcuk th dj D;k d:¡xk\**

bl izdkj ;g dkjok¡ dwQk dh vksj pyrk jgkA

3-  fQj bl ij Hkh lHkh bfrgkl ,d er gSa fd gqlSu jft+;YYkgq vUgq tc dcZyk ds LFkku ij igq¡ps rks dwQk ds xouZj bCus ft+;kn us mej fcu lvn dks ck/; dj ds vki dk lkeuk djus ds fy, HkstkA mej fcu lvn us vki dh lsok esa mifLFkr gks dj vki ls ckr phr dh rks vusd bfrgkfld fjok;rksa ds vuqlkj gqlSu jft+;YYkkgq vUgq us muds lkeus ;g izLrko j[ks%

^^esjh rhu ckrksa esa ls ,d ckr eku yks( eSa ;k rks fdlh bLykeh lhek ij pyk tkrk gw¡] ;k enhuk okil ykSV tkrk gw¡] ;k fQj eSa ¼Lo;a tk dj½ ;t+hn fcu eqvkfo;k ds gkFk esa viuk gkFk ns nsrk gw¡ ¼vFkZkr eSa mu ls cSvr dj ysrk gw¡½A mej fcu lvn us mudk ;g izLrko Lohdkj dj fy;kA** ¼nsf[k;s% vy&blkcg½

bCus lvn us Lo;a Lohdkj djus ds ckn ;g izLrko bCus ft;kn dks fy[k dj Hkstk] fdUrq mlus bl izLrko dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k vkSj bl ckr ij vVy jgk fd igys og ¼;t+hn ds fy,½ esjs gkFk ij cSvr djsaA

gqlSu jft+;YYkkgq vUgq blds fy, rS;kj ugha gq, vkSj muds LokfHkeku us bls Lohdkj ugha fd;k] pqukaps bl 'krZ dks Bqdjk fn;k ftl ij yM+kbZ fNM+ xbZ vkSj vki dh et+ywekuk 'kgknr dh ;g nq%[k izn ?kVuk ?kV x;hA

bu bfrgkfld 'kgknrksa ls Kkr gqvk fd ;fn ;g gd+ ,ao ckfry dh yM+kbZ gksrh rks dwQk ds fudV igq¡p dj tc vki dks eqfLye fcu vd+hy dh et+ywekuk 'kgknr dh lwpuk feyh Fkh rks vki okilh dh bPNk izdV u djrsA Li"V ckr gS fd gd+ ds jkLrs esa fdlh dh 'kgknr ls gd+ dks LFkkfir djus vkSj ckfry dks feVkus dk drZO; lekIr ugh gks tkrkA

rFkk laf/k dh mu 'krksZa ls tks gqlSu jft+;YYkkgq vUgq us mej fcu lvn ds lkeus j[kha] ;g ckr fcYdqy Li"V gksdj lkeus vk tkrh gS fd vki ds efLr"d esa dqN ckrs jgha Hkh gksa rks vki us mUgsa ifjR;kx dj fn;k FkkA cfYd ;t+hn dh lRrk rd dks Lohdkj djus ij rRijrk izdV dj nh FkhA

v  bl ls ;g Hkh LI"V gqvk fd gqlSu jft+;YYkgq vUgq] ;t+hn dks cndkj ;k jkT; dk v;ksX; ugha le>rs FksA vxj ,slk gksrk rks og fdlh fLFkfr esa Hkh viuk gkFk ml ds gkFk esa nsus ds fy, rS;kj u gksrsA cfYd ;t+hn ds ikl tkus dh bPNk ls ;g Hkh izR;{k gksrk gS fd vki dks ml ls vPNs O;ogkj dh vk'kk FkhA vR;kpkj ckn'kkg ds ikl tkus dh bPNk dksbZ ugha djrkA

v bl ls bl nq?kZVuk ds ft+Eesnkj Hkh oL=ghu gks tkrs gS vkSj og gS bCus ft+;kn dh QkSt ftl esa lc ogh dwQh Fks ftUgksa us vki dks i= fy[k dj cqyk;k Fkk] mUgha dwfQ;ksa us bCus lvn dh laf/k ds iz;klkas dks vlQy cuk fn;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i dcZyk esa ;g nq%[k nk;h ?kVuk is'k vk;kA

tc okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ;g ?kVuk jktuhfrd :i dk gS] gd+ o ckfry dh yM+kbZ ugha gS] rks Js"B gS fd eqgjZe ds fnuksa esa bls okrkZ yki dk 'kh"kZd u cuk;k tk,] bl ls 'kh;ksa dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

+      tSlk fd Åij ladsr fd;k tk pqdk gS fd eqgjZe ds eghus esa f'k;k yksx tks gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq dk ukSgk o ekre vkfn djrs gSa og uch lYyYykgq vySfg o lYye] lgkck jft+;Yykgq vUgqe vkSj rkcbZu jfgegqeqYykg ds loZJs"B t+ekus ds ,d yEcs le; ckn vfo"dkj fd;k x;k gSA mfpr gksxk fd lkjka'k esa mldh i`f"B Hkwfe ij Hkh izdk'k Mky fn;k tk, rkfd lqUuh HkkbZ;ksa ds lekus okLrfodrk Li"V gks tk,A

bl dqizFkk vkSj fcnvr ds vfo"dkjd cuh cqoSg gSa] ;g yksx dV~Vj iUFkh 'kh;k FksA tc ;g yksx cx+nkn esa izos'k fd;s rks ml le; vCcklh f[kykQr iru ls ihfM+r FkhA bUgksa us 'kh?kz gh [k+yhQk ij izHkqRrk izkIr dj fy;k vkSj mldh 'kfDr dks lekIr djds Lo;a gj pht+ ds dÙkZk /krZk cu x,A dqN fnuksa rd rks ;s yksx pqi jgs] fQj /khjs&/khjs budk rvLlqc izdV gksus yxkA pqukaps bUgkasus cx+nkn esa vius 'khbZ /keZ dk izlkj vkjEHk dj fn;kA 351 fgtzh esa eqbT+t+qn~&nkSyg us cx+~nkn dh tkek efLtn dss QkVd ij ;g bckjr fy[kok nh%

^^eqvkfo;k fcu vcw lq¶;ku ij vYykg dh ykur gks] Qkfrek ls Qnd dks x+lc djus okys ¼vFkZkr vcw cdz jft+;Yykgq vUgq½] vCckl jft+;Yykgq vUgq dks 'kwjk ls fudky nsus okys ¼vFkZkr mej jft+;Yykgq vUgq½] vcw t+j dks ftyk oru dj nsus okys ¼vFkZkr mleku jft+;Yykgq vUgq½ rFkk glu jft+;Yykgq vUgq dks muds ukuk ds ikl nQukus ls jksdus okys ¼vFkZkr eoZku fcu gde½ ij vYykg dh ykur gksA**

vCcklh [k+yhQk esa bl fcnvr dks jksdus dh 'kfDr ugha FkhA jkr dks fdlh lqUuh us bl dks feVk fn;kA eqbT+t+qn~&nkSyg us nqckjk fy[kokuk pkgk] fdUrq ml ds ot+hj us ijke'kZ fn;k fd dsoy eqvkfo;k ds uke dks Li"V fd;k tk, vkSj muds uke ds ckn ^^vkys eqgEen ij vR;kpkj djus okyksa** dk okD; c<+k fn;k tk,A mlus bl lq>ko dks Lohdkj dj fy;kA

vxys o"kZ ¼352 fg-½10 eqgjZe dks eqbT+t+qn~&nkSyg us vkns'k tkjh fd;k fd ckt+kj cUn j[ks tk,a] yksx fo'ks"k oL= igu dj rFkk vkSjrSa psgjk [kksy dj] ckys fc[ksjs gq,] psgjk ihVrs gq, vkSj lhuk dksch djrs gq, fudysa vkSj gqlSu fcu vyh dk ukSgk o ekre djsaA lqfUu;kas ds fy, ;g cgqr dfBu volj Fkk] fdUrq 'kh;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k lqUuh bls jksd u ldsA

eqbT+t+qn~&nkSyg us blh ij cl ugha fd;k cfYd 18 t+qy&fgTtk dks cx+nkn esa t'u eukus] ckt+kjksa dks jkr esa bZn ds fnu ds leku [kqyh j[kus] <ksy&rk'ks ctkus] vkSj vehjksa rFkk flikfg;ksa ds njokt+kas ij ^^bZns&x+nhj** dh [kq'kh esa vkx jks'ku djus dk vkns'k fn;kA

njvly 18 t+qy&fgTtk] 35 fgtzh dks veh:y&eksfeuhu mleku jft+;Yykgq vUgq 'kghn gq, Fks] ftls 'kh;ksa ds fy, ^^bZns&x+nhj** eukus dk fnu fu;qDr fd;k x;k !!!

vkt dy ds 'kh;k bls bruk egRo nsrs gSa fd bls bZnqy&vT+gk ls Js"B le>rs gSaA

vxys o"kZ 10 eqgjZe ¼353 fg-½ dks fQj fiNys o"kZ ds leku gqlSu jft+;Yykgq vUgq dk ekre fd;k x;k] ftlds dkj.k vgys lqUur vkSj 'kh;ksa ds chp Hk;adj yM+kbZ gqbZ vkSj ywV [klwV dk ckt+kj xeZ gqvkA

;g dqizFkk vkt rd tkjh gS vkSj gj lky 10 eqgjZe dks 'kh;k&lqUuh Qlknkr lkekU; ckr cu x, gSaA

+      vUrr% vgys lqUur ds tu lk/kkj.k dks bl ckr ls voxr djkuk mfpr gksxk fd muds vf/kdka'k yksx ftu ds J)kyw gSa vkSj mUgsa viuk /keZxq: le>rs gSa vFkZkr ekSykuk vgen jt+k [k+ku cjsyoh] mUgksa us Hkh eqgjZeqy&gjke ds eghus esa dh tkus okyh fcnvkr o [k+qjkQkr ls l[rh ds lkFk jksdk gS vkSj mUgsa voS/k vkSj oftZr ?kksf"kr fd;k gS ;gk¡ rd fd mudh vksj ns[kus ls Hkh jksdk gSA

pquk¡ps mudk QRok gS fd% ^^rkft+;k vkrk ns[k dj ml ls eq¡g Qsj ysuk pkfg,A mldh vksj ns[kus gh ugha pkfg,A**

blh izdkj ekSykuk us eqgjZe dks lksx dk eghuk le>us] mlesa lksx dk izn'kZu djus] rkft+;k cukus vkSj ml ij ut+z o fu;kt+ djus] eflZ;k [kkuh vkfn djus dks gjke vkSj voS/k crk; gSA ¼vf/kd foLrkj ds fy, nsf[k,%  ^^rkft+;knkjh**] ^^vgdkes 'kjhvr** rFkk ^^bQZkus 'kjhvr** ½

vk'kk gS fd mijksDr ckrsa ikBdksa ds fy, eqgjZe ds eghus ls lacaf/kr rRoksa  dh okLrfodrk dks le>us vkSj ml esa dh tkus okyh fcnvkr o [kqjkQkr ls cpko djus esa ykHknk;d fl) gksa xhA

ARAB CULTURE &CIVILIZATION
TITLE OF HINDI BOOK WRITTEN BY
 Dr Mohammad Salman Khan Nadwi
Assistant Professor 
Mumtaz PG College

vjc laL—fr dk bfrgkl

Hkkx1

ys[kd

MkW0 eksgEen lyeku [kku

izoDrk vjc dYpj foHkkx

eqerkt ih0th0 dkyst y[kuÅ

izdk'kd

nk:RrkyhQ oRrjtqek y[kuÅ

(Center for translation & Publication )

iqLrd feyus dk irk%&
By contect on writer mobile
09936244415

izdk'kd

nk:rrkyhQ oRrjtqek y[kuÅ

(Center for translation & Publication )

izFke laLdj.k 2010

ewY;% 160 :i;s

lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr ys[kd

dEikst%  Zahra Computer & Tranlation Center Mahipat mau Lucknow

  

1.	fo"k; lwph (Contents)
2.	izkDdFku Foreword
3.	izLrkouk Introduction
4.	Hkkx 1
5.	iwoZ bLykeh dky esa vjc ns'kksa dh fLFkfr         Pre-Islamic Condition of Arabs
6.	ekSle (Weather)
7.	vjcksa dk lk/kkj.k thou (Common life of Arabs)
8.	dchyksa dk laxBu (Tribal Organisation)
9.	vlkfc;r ¼lgkuqHkwfr½ ,oa cfynku dh Hkkouk (Assabiat and Feeling of Simpathy and Sacrifise)
10.	lkeh tkfr dh tUeHkwfe vjc ns'k gS (Arabia the Original Home Of Semites)
11.	vjc ds rhu izfl) oa’k  (Three famous Races of Arabs)
12.	vjc ckbnk & (Arab-e-Baida)
13.	vjc vfjck  (Arab-e-Aariba)
14.	vjc eqLrkfjck  (Arab-e-Mustariba)
15.	vjc ns’k ds izeq[k uxj ( Famous Cities Of Arab)
16.	eDdk uxj (City of Mecca)
17.	feuk (Mina)
18.	gtj&,&vlon (Hajra-Aswad-Black Stone)
19.	eqdke&,&bczkfge (Makame –Ibrahim)
20.	fxykQ+&,&dkck (The Cover of Kaba)
21.	enhuk uxj (City of Madina)
22.	dwQk uxj (City of Kufa)
23.	cljk uxj (City of Basra)
24.	nfe’d uxj (City of Demoscus)
25.	:lkQk uxj (City of Rusafa)
26.	dchyksa dk ;q) (Arab days)
27.	clwl dk ;q) ( Battle of Basus)
28.	vkSl vkSj [kt+jt dk ;q) ( Battle of Aus & Khazraj)
29.	gkfrc dk ;q)  ( Battle of Hatib)
30.	cqvkl dk ;q)  ( Battle of Buass)
31.	tnhl dk ;q) (Battle of Jadees)
32.	gq:c vkSj fQtkj dk ;q) (Battle of Hurub & Fijar)
33.	nkfgl vkSj xcjk dk ;q) (Battle of Dahis & Ghabra)
34.	Hkkx 2
35.	izk;}hi vjc ds eq[; oa'k (Eminent  Tribes of Arabic Peninsula)
36.	eqtj ds izfl) dckby %&
37.	vjc oa'k ds yksxksa dh Hkk"kk (Language of Arabs)
38.	vjc ns’k esa dfork dk izpyu  (Poetry in Arabia)
39.	¼1½ d+lhnk (Ode) iz.kkyh o ys[k
40.	¼2½ gqnh ’kk;jh (Hudi Poetry)
41.	jtfe;k ’kk;jh (Razmia Poetry)
42.	ejfl;k (Elegy)
43.	gTo (Satire)
44.	vjc esa tkfgyh dky ds e’kgwj dfo (Prominent Poets of Arabs in Pre-Islamic Period)
45.	bejkmy d+Sl
46.	ukfcxk tqC;kuh
47.	vurjk&fcu&’kn~nkn
48.	vEj&fcu&dqylwe
49.	[kulk
50.	gLlku&fcu& lkfcr vUlkjh
51.	t+qgSj&fcu& vch lqyek
52.	vk’kk
53.	vjcksa dh vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd fLFkfr (Economic Social & Political Condition of Arabs)
54.	iwoZ bLykeh dky esa vjcksa dh vkfFkZd n'kk (Economic Conditions of Arabs)
55.	izk;}hi vjc esa iSnkokj (Growth in Arabic Peninsula)
56.	vjcksa dk lkekftd thou  (Social life of Arabs)
57.	bLyke ls iwoZ vjcksa dh jktuSfrd fLFkfr (Political Condition of Arabs)
58.	vjcksa dk /kkfeZd fo'okl (Religious Belief of  Arabs)
59.	,ds'ojokn  (Oneness of God)
60.	dkcs dh ;k=k vFkok dkcs dk gt  (Hajj of Holy Kaba)
61.	vjcksa dh ohjrk vkSj xkSjo  (Bravery and Glory of Arabs)
62.	oa'kkRed xkSjo  (Glory of the Dynesty)
63.	vjc ds mRrjh ,oa nf{k.kh ns'kksa ij ,d utj (Kingdom of South and North)
64.	ucrh jkT; ¼169&bZ0 iwoZ½
65.	fge;jh jkT; ¼115&bZ0 iwoZ½
66.	fge;fj;ksa dk /kkfeZd fo'okl (Religious Belief of Himyarite)
67.	ghjk dk jkT;   (Kingdom of Heera)
68.	ghjk jkT; esa lH;rk ,oa
69.	lakLd`frd mUufr  (Culture & Civilization of Heera kingdom)
70.	xLlkuh jkT; 521 bZ0  (Ghassanid State)
71.	xLlkuh dky dh lkaLd`frd mUufr (Development of Litrature in Ghassanid Period)
72.	ebZuh jkT; 1300&630& B.C(Maeeni State)
73.	lckbZ jkT; 800&115& B.C  (Sabai State)
74.	Hkkx 3
75.	gtjr eqgEen lkgc dk O;fDrxr~ thou,ao bLyke /keZ dk izpkj (Life of Prohet Muhammad ( S. A.W) and his Teachings)
76.	tUe vkSj ikyu iks"k.k (Birth and Upbringing )
77.	gYQqy Qtwy
78.	iSxEcjh ekuork dh lqcg  (Dawn of Humanity)
79.	eDds dk /kEkZ&izpkj&dky  (Calling People to Islam)
80.	bLykeh f’k{kk dk izHkko  (Impact of Islamic Teachings)
81.	eqlyekuksa ij vR;kpkj (Barbarus Activities against Muslims)
82.	eqlyekuksa dh gC’kk dh rjQ fgtjr  (Migration of Muslims to Habsha)
83.	eksgEen lkgc dh ijh{kk dk le; (The time of test of Prophet Muhammad S.A.W)
84.	fgtjr (Migration)
85.	enhus esa HkkbZ pkjk dh Hkkouk (Brotherhood in Madina)
86.	enhus esa vki dk Lokxr vkSj efLtn , dqck dk fuekZ.k (Welcome of Prophet Muhammad S.A.W) in Madina & construction of Masjid-e-Quba
87.	enhus esa ;gwfn;ksa dk fojks/k (Opposition of Jews in Madina)
88.	jetku ds jksts+ Qt+Z gksuk (Fasting)
89.	Eknhus dh igyh bLykeh LVsV (First Islamic State)
90.	cnz dk ;q)  (Battle of Badr)
91.	mgn dk ;q) (Battle of Uhad)
92.	[kund dk ;q) (Battle of Khandaq)
93.	gqnSfc;k dh lfU/k  (Treaty of Hudaibia)
94.	ckn’kkgksa ds ikl bLyke dk lUns’k (The Message of Islam towards the Kings)
95.	eDdk dh fot;  (Victory of Mecca)
96.	vfUre gt (Last Hajj)
97.	vjQk dk [kqRck (Speech of Arfa)
98.	gt+jr eqgEen lkgc dk nsgkUr (Death of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W)
99.	Hkkx 4
100.	f[kykQrs jkf'knk lu 11 fgt+jh la 40 fgt+jh632 bZ0 lss661 bZ0 (Stablishment of Khilafat-e-Rashida)
101.	f[kykQr ij ,d n`f"V %& (ACursory glance on Khilafat)
102.	[kyhQk ds drZO; &(Power of Caliph)
103.	[kyhQk ds drZO; & (Action scope of Caliph)
104.	[kyhQk gtjr vcwcØ (First Caliph Hazrat Abubakr)
105.	tUe o ikyu iks"k.k& (Birth& Upbringing)
106.	gtjr vcwcؼjft+½ ds eq[; dk;Z & (Achievements of Hazrat Abubakr)
107.	nsgkUr % (Death of Hazrat Abubakr)
108.	jkT;izlkj&(Government Administration)
109.	[kyhQk gtjr mej fcu [kRrkc ¼13&23 fgtjh] 634&644bZ0½ (11nd Caliph Hazrat Umar)
110.	gtjr mej ds thou ij ,d n`f"V%& A bird`s eyeview of Caliph Hazrat Umar)
111.	bLykeh fo/kku dh O;oLFkk (Implementation of Islamic Rule)
112.	1½ bZjkd dh fot; %& (Victory of Iraq)
113.	2½ lhfj;k dh fot; %& (Victory of Siria)
114.	¼3½ ;jewd dh fot; %& (Victory of Yarmuk)
115.	¼4½ cSrwy eqdÌl dh fot; %& (Victory of Baitulmuqaddas)
116.	¼5½ felz fot; %& (Victory of Caro)
117.	¼6½ dknfl;k dh fot; %& (Victory of Qadsia)
118.	¼7½ bZjku dh fot; %&(Victory of Iran)
119.	gtjr mej dh jktuSfrd uhfr (Political Ideology of Hazrat Umar)
120.	iqfylO;oLFkk ¼Police Oraganization System½
121.	dkjkxkj foHkkx ¼ Jail Department ½
122.	gtjr mej dh 'kgknr ¼gR;k½ ¼Martyardom of Hazrat Umar)
123.	gtjr mleku fcu vQ+Q+ku   (3rd Caliph Hazrat Usman)
124.	gtjr mLeku ds dky esa jkT; izlkj (Government Administration)
125.	rjkcyl dh fot; (Victory of Trablus)
126.	vÝhdk dh fot; (Victory of Afriqa)
127.	dcjl dh fot; (Victory of Qabrus)
128.	rcfjLrku dh fot; (Victory of Tabristan)
129.	bLykeh jkT; esa fonzksg dk izkjEHk %& (Beginning of mutiny in Islamic State)
130.	gtjr mLeku dk fonzksg vkSj 'kgknr (Opposition of Hazrat Usman and his Martyardom)
131.	[kyhQk gtjr vyh fcu vch rkfyc 4rth Caliph Hazrat Ali
132.	gtjr vyh dk 'kklu ,oa jktuSfrd fojks/k
133.	gt+jr vyh dh miyfC/k;k¡ rFkk fo’ks"krk, (Achievements of Hazrat Ali)a
134.	vf/kdkfj;ksa ij fu;a=.k
135.	tey;q) %& (Battle of Jamal)
136.	fl¶Qhu ;q) (Battle of Siffin)
137.	gtjr vyh dh 'kgknr %& (Martyardom of Hazrat Ali)
138.	[kyhQk gtjr glu fcu vyh fcu vch rkfyc 5th Caliph Hazrat Hasan Bin Ali
139.	Hkkx 5
140.	f[kykQrs cuh meS¸;k (Establishment of Khilafat-e-Banu Umayya)
141.	meS¸;k oa’k ds [kyhQkvksa ij ,d n`f’V (A Glance at Umayyad Dynesty)
142.	vehj eqvkfo;k fcu vcw lqQ;ku (Caliph Ameer Muawia Bin Abi Sufyan)
143.	vehj eqvkfo;k ds iz’kklfud fl)kUr (Principles of Ameer Muawia )
144.	yksd dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z (Public Reformation)
145.	;t+hn fou eqvkfo;k& 680&683 bZ0 @ 60&64 fg0 (Yazeed bin Muawia)
146.	dcZyk dh nq?kZVuk (Tragedy of Karbala)
147.	gt+jr vCnqYykg fcu T+kqcSj ls ;q) (War with Hazrat Abdullah bin Zubair)
148.	eqvkfo;k fcu ;t+hn 683&684 (Muawia bin yazeed)
149.	ejoku fcu gde 64&65@ 684&685 (Marwan bin Hakam)
150.	vCnqyefyd fcu ejoku & 65&86@ 685&705 Abdulmalik bin Mawan)
151.	/kkfeZd dk;Z (Religious and Social Contributions of Abdulmalik)
152.	oyhn izFke & 86&96@705&715 (Walid 1ist)
153.	fla/k dh fot; (Victory of Sindh)
154.	Rkfjd fcu ft;kn }kjk Lisu dh fot; (Victory of Spain by Tariq bin Ziad)
155.	lqyseku fcu vCnqy efyd & 96&99@713&717 (Sulaiman bin Abdulmalik)
156.	lqySeku ds eq[; dk;Z& (Important Achievements of Sulaiman bin Abdulmalik)
157.	gt+jr mej fcu vCnqy vtht & 99&101@ 717&720 (Hazrat Umar bin Abdul Aziz)
158.	;thn fcu vCnqy efyd & 101&105@ 720&724 (Yazeed bin Abdulmalik)
159.	fg'kke fcu vCnyefyd & 105&125@ 724&743 (Hisham bin Abdulmalik)
160.	oyhn fcu ;t+hn & 125&126@ 743&744 (Walid bin Yazeed)
161.	;t+hn r`rh; 126 fgtjh@ 744 bZ0 (Yazeed 3rd)
162.	vfUre [kyhQk& ejoku fcu eksgEen &127&132 fgt+jh @ 744&750 bZ0 (Marwan bin Mohammad)
163.	lhfj;k esa meS¸;k oa'k ds iru ds dkj.k (Causes of Decline of Umayyad Dynesty)
164.	meS¸;k dky esa dfork dk izpyu (Poetry in Umayyad Period)
165.	mej fcu vfc jfcvk
166.	They
167.	dSl
168.	meS¸;k dky dh fl;klh o njckjh 'kk;jh (Political & Domestic Poetry in Umayyad Period)
169.	meS¸;k dky esa tkfgyh dky dh 'kk;jh dk izpyu (Music in Umayyad Period)
170.	lgk;d xzaFk lwph (Bibliography)